There are two common ways to transfer an engi neered gene into a plant chromosome. Jun 26, 2008 modern potato breeding requires over 100,000 seedlings per new variety. While an extremely important tool, conventional plant breeding also has its limitations. Plant breeding is a technique through which genetic traits of a plant are changed.
Covering traditional and emerging breeding procedures, this book explores the scientific bases and details of breeding plants. Natural selection tends to favour plants that can compete with neighbouring plants for light, water and nutrients. Prebreeding by introgression or induced translocation is an expensive way of transferring. Transgenic breeding traditional breeding transgenic plants novel proteins may be introduced from llltd l t i hihl novel proteins may be closelyre lated plant species. Phenotypic assessments of segregating progenies can then identify the commercially important new traits that can be used to improve.
Initially, early human farmers selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics and used these as a seed source for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of characteristics over time. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. Fairchild was responsible for bringing the cherry trees from japan to d. Cisgenesis, a new tool for traditional plant breeding, should. Apr 11, 2018 ebook is an electronic version of a traditional print book this can be read by using a personal computer or by using an ebook reader. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today.
Ppt plant breeding methods powerpoint presentation. How genetic engineering differs from traditional plant breeding by suzanne dejohn, former employeeowner ive been gardening and writing about gardening for more than 20 years, yet i find im always learning new things about the plants, insects and other critters that call my backyard home. An ebook reader can be a software application for use on a computer such as microsofts free reader application, or a booksized computer this is used solely as a reading device such as nuvomedias rocket ebook. Messmer and others published plant breeding techniques find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In the conventional plant breeding programme, the development of a new variety or hybrid takes about five to twelve years, starting from inbred production and then hybridization and selection of f 1 hybrids. Plant cell and tissue culture applications in plant breeding. In most crop breeding programs, the rate of yield increment is insufficient to cope with the increased food demand caused by a rapidly expanding global population. Plant breeding download book free computer books download. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plantpathogenic bacterium that has the ability to transfer a portion of its own genetic informa tion into many plant species through a process called.
Ppt plant breeding methods powerpoint presentation free. Crop improvement by conventional breeding or genetic. Horticultural plant breeding is a complete and comprehensive resource for the development of new cultivars or clones of horticultural crops. Approx 40% of the genetic material is reorganised in the resulting hybrid plant. It covers the basic theories that underpin plant breeding and applies mendelian, quantitative and population inheritance practices in smaller populations where the individual plant has high value. Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. It puts a special emphasis on the further refinements possible in the light of the latest. Biotechnology applications for plant breeding and genetics.
This use of the term traditional may be misleading, since in this case, the term does not imply the absence of modern developments or any lack in sophistication. From 1930 to 2014 more than 3200 mutagenic plant varieties were released that have been derived. History of plant breeding in broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided into four parts 1. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds. New technologies on multiple scales are reengineering traditional plant breeding to meet. Cisgenesis, a new tool for traditional plant breeding.
Through cross breeding existing varieties, the breeder aims to reshuffle the plants genetic material to produce new varieties that may have useful characteristics. This manipulation involves either controlled pollination. The intragenic approach as a new extension to traditional. Classical plant breeding encyclopedia article citizendium. Plant breeding can be broadly defined as alterations caused in plants as a result of their use by humans, ranging from unintentional changes resulting from the advent of agriculture to the application of molecular tools for precision breeding. Fibl plant breeding techniques 20 1 5 breeding steps using the example of tomato simpli. With regard to the eu directive 200118ec, the term traditional plant breeding methods is used for those techniques that are not considered genetic modification. Category 3 comprises techniques which involve the use of gene technology at an early.
It may also makes use of a variety of artificial laboratory procedures to overcome obstacles to introduction of useful traits from wild species that do not usually exchange. History of plant breeding the most rudimentary forms of plant breeding likely originated during the transition of. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples. National plant germplasm system coordinated by usda contains more than 500,000 accessions accession can be population, line, cultivar, individual plant, clone, etc. Plant breeding methods 1 plant breeding methods additional new reference george acquaah. How genetic engineering differs from traditional plant breeding. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base. Conventional breeding achieves it by crossing together plants with relevant characteristics, and selecting the offspring with the desired combination of characteristics, as a result of particular combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. How does gm differ from conventional plant breeding. Conventional plant breeding figure 1 has been the method used to develop new varieties of crops for hundreds of years.
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. Agronomy and plant breeding are key to combating food crisis. Traditional plant breeding selects mutantsfor best yield and quality e. Both conventional plant breeding and gm deliver genetic crop improvement. It employs methods such as introgression breeding, induced mutagenesis and somatic hybridization to modify randomly genomes and, as a result, create genetic variation figure 1a. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable. For example, a mildew resistant pea may be crossed with a highyielding but. All germplasm in npgs available free used by us and world scientists comprised by 4 major areas plant introduction plant collection information systems. Conventional plant breeding resulting in open pollinated varieties op or hybrid varieties has had a tremendous impact on agricultural productivity over the last decades. The procedures were developed from mendelian genetic principles and were expanded with developments in cytology, polyploidy, mutation induction, quantitative genetics, heterosis, male sterility, and related areas.
Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with. Modern potato breeding requires over 100,000 seedlings per new variety. The basic concept of this book is to examine the use of innovative methods augmenting traditional plant breeding towards the development of new crop varieties under different environmental conditions to achieve sustainable food production. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging.
Main reasons are 1 the increasing number of traits that have to be combined in this tetraploid vegetatively propagated crop, and 2 an increasing number of traits e. Modern plant breeding is considered a discipline originating from the science of genetics. Conventional plant breeding represents the principle approach to crop improvement. Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding crossing of closely or distantly related species to produce new crops with desirable properties. Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. It is a complex subject, involving the use of many interdisciplinary modern sciences and technologies. Plants are crossed to introduce traitsgenes from a particular variety into a new genetic background. Plant breeding based on observed variation the most primitive form of plant breeding was the selection of naturally occurring variants in the wild and, later, in cultivated. Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as variation breeding, is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. This book examines the use of innovative methods augmenting traditional plant breeding towards the improvement and development of new crop varieties, under the increasingly limiting environmental and cultivation factors, to achieve sustainable agricultural production and enhanced food security. The vast diversity of breeding methods can be simplified into three categories.
Given the many phases of crossing, selection, and testing involved in the production of new plant varieties, it can take one or. New plant breeding techniques food standards australia new. Traditional plant breeding procedures are based on manipulation of genes and chromosomes through sexual reproduction in whole plants. Ijms free fulltext conventional and molecular techniques. Modern plant breeding requires an understanding of genetics. However, conventional plant breeding can no longer sustain the global demand with the increasing population, decline in agricultural resources such as land and water, and the apparent plateauing of the yield curve of. Breeding crops with a high yield and superior adaptability is vital to maintaining global food security. Although conventional agriculture is highly productive, it is often considered incompatible with the principles of alternative approaches to food production, such as organic farming. Introduction to plant breeding master gardener training. In plant breeding, the development of improved crop varieties is limited by the very long crop duration. These references and pdf files will be posted in blackboard.
Genetic variation was continuously submitted to the selection pressure of food gathering or planting. In this article we will discuss about the biotechnology in plant breeding. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples in rice oryza sativa l. An early example of plant breeding as opposed to crop husbandry began in the early part of the 17th century, when pilgrims from europe to the new world discovered that their traditional crop varieties were eminently unsuited to their new home. New plant breeding techniques food standards australia. Principles and methods of plant breeding download ebook. Initially, early human farmers selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics and used these as a seed source for subsequent generations, resulting.
Plant breeding by national open university of nigeria file type. Traditional breeding methods have been exceptionally successful in creating crop plants with high yields and other desirable properties, but modern crops often require intensive management to avoid being. Germplasm the greatest service which can be rendered to any country is to add a useful plant to its culturethomas jefferson. Jun 25, 2008 agronomy and plant breeding are key to combating food crisis. To overcome the sexual barrier prefertilisation and postfertilisation, there is the need of modern non. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol.
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